Lawrence Kohlbergs Theory Adheres to a Continuous Development Viewpoint
Latest Theories of Learning MCQ Objective Questions
Theories of Learning MCQ Question 1:
As per teachers, the students should behave by following the morals and ideals of their teachers, this behavior of teacher lies in which level of Kohlberg's Moral Development theory.
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 3 : Post conventional
The gradual formation of an individual's concepts of right and wrong, conscience, ethical and religious values, social attitudes, and behavior is calledmoral development. The theory of a child's moral development is proposed byLawrence Kohlberg in 1958. he describes the theory on 3 different levels and these 3 levels are further classified into 6 stages.
Key Points Three levels of moral development are Pre- Conventional, Conventional, Post conventional.
- Post conventional level:At this level, there is a clear effort to define moral values and principles that have validity and application apart from the authority of the groups or persons. This level also has two stages.
- Stage 5: The Social Contract, Legalistic Orientation: in terms of general individual rights and standards that have been critically examined and agreed upon by the whole society. Apart from what is constitutional and democratically agreed upon the right is a matter of personal values. The result is based upon a legal point of view but with a Right to Education emphasis upon the possibility of changing the law in terms of consideration of social utility
- Stage 6: The Universal Ethical Principle Orientation:Right is defined by the decision of the conscience in accordance with self-chosen ethical principles appealing to logical comprehensiveness, universality, and consistency. These are universal principles of justice, reciprocity, quality of human rights, and respect for the dignity of human beings as individual persons.
From all these references we understand that in the post-conventional stage, Principles and ethics are much involved which shows the teacher's behavior, thus we can conclude that Post conventional level is the correct answer.
Important Points The other two levels of Kohlberg's moral development theory are:
- Pre- Conventional Level: At this level, the child is not responsive to cultural rules and labels of good and bad, right or wrong but interprets these labels in terms of physical or hedonistic consequences of actions or in terms of physical powers of those who communicate the rules and labels. This level is further sub-divided into two stages.
- Stage-I: The Punishment and Obedience Orientation
- Stage-2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation
- Conventional Level: At this level maintainingthe expectations of the individual, family, group, or nation is perceived as of value in its own right regardless of the immediate and obvious consequences. This level is further classified into 2 levels-
- Stage 3: Good boy - Nice Girl Orientation
- Stage 4: The Law and Order Orientation
Theories of Learning MCQ Question 2:
Which of the following stages are not correctly matched.
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 1 : Conservation- Formal operational stage
Piaget's work is based on heredity as well as variations in source, nature, and limitations of knowledge.
- According to Piaget, cognitive development takes place at different rates at different stages of development.
- It depends upon the understanding of how children acquire knowledge, and the nature of intelligence which can be summaries as follows:
- Sensorimotor stage: birth to 2 years
- Preoperational stage: ages 2 to 7
- Concrete operational stage:ages 7 to 11
- Formal operational stage: ages 12 and up.
- Jean Piaget, aSwiss psychologist, has made a systematicstudy of cognitive developmentin his theory that iscategorized in four stages.
- He observed his children and their process of making sense of the world around them and developed a model of how themind processes new information encountered.
Key Points
Formal operational stage:
- Ages:12 and Over
- Concrete operations are carried out on things whereas formal operations are carried out on ideas.
- Formal operational thought is entirely freed fromphysical and perceptual constraints.
- During this stage, adolescents can deal withabstract ideas(e.g. no longer needing to think about slicing up cakes or sharing sweets to understand division and fractions).
- They can follow the form of an argument without having to think in terms of specific examples.
- Adolescents can deal with hypothetical problemswith many possible solutions.
Thus,conservation behavior is characteristic of concrete operational stage.
Additional Information
| Stages of Cognitive Development | Characteristics and Developmental Changes |
|---|---|
| 1. Sensorimotor stage: birth to 2 years |
|
| 2. Preoperational stage: ages 2 to 7 |
|
| 3. Concrete operational stage: ages 7 to 11 |
|
| 4. Formal operational stage: ages 12 and up |
|
Theories of Learning MCQ Question 3:
The educational implication of Thornedike's 'Law of Effect' is not
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 3 : treatment of delinquents
Thorndike in his study Animal Intelligence: An Experimental Study of the Associative Processes in Animals focused on the relationship between a response and its consequences, resulting in what he labeled as the law of effect.
Key Points
- The law of effect - holds that the responses, which lead to a pleasant and satisfying outcome for the organism are more likely to be repeated, and the responses, which lead to an unpleasant outcome are not likely to be repeated.
- It is a kind of associationism where a sort of connection is made between a response and its consequence by the organism.
- It was used in various processes for strengthening a behavior or eliminating a behavior.
Hence it is used for the treatment of Delinquents.
Theories of Learning MCQ Question 4:
According to Kohlberg's theory at which stage a person's judgment is based on others' approval, family expectations, traditional values, the laws of society?
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 3 : Postconventional
Kohlberg studied moral reasoning among children and based on this study, he gave the theory of moral development.
Key Points Kohlberg's theory of moral development consists of three levels and six stages -
- Level-1: Pre-conventional Level-It consists of two stages.
- Stage-I: The Punishment and Obedience Orientation -The physical consequences of an action determine whether the action is good or bad.
- Stage-2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation- Students at this stage have the attitude - If you help me out maybe I will help you sometime.
- Level-2: Conventional Level - At this level maintaining the expectations of the individual, family, group or nation is the priority.
- Stage 3: Good boy - Nice Girl Orientation - Good behavior is that which pleases or helps others and is approved by them.
- Stage 4: The Law and Order Orientation: There is an orientation towards authority, fixed rules, and the maintenance of social order.
- Level 3: Post-conventional Morality- At this level, there is a clear effort to define moral values and principles.
- Stage 5: The Social Contract Orientation-At this stage right actions tend to be defined in terms of general individual rights and standards.
- Stage 6: The Universal Ethical Principle Orientation - Right is defined by the decision of the conscience in accordance with self-chosen ethical principles appealing to logical comprehensiveness, universality, and consistency.
From this, we conclude that in Post conventional stage, a person's judgment is based on others' approval, family expectations, traditional values, and the laws of society.
Theories of Learning MCQ Question 5:
The exponent of insight theory is -
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 1 : kohler
Insight learning theory has a significant contribution to higher learning or problem-solving teaching.
Key Points Wolfgang Kohler, a German psychologist is the exponent of insight theory.
- This theory is also known as the Gestalt Theory of Learning.
- The word Gestalt in the German language means whole or total pattern.
- He believes that whole is more important than the parts.
- Kohler criticized the theory of Thorndike and proved on the basis of his experimental conclusion that an organism learns through insight.
- He observed that an organism perceives the situation in totality and finds a solution to a problem all of a sudden.
Educational implications of insight learning:
- The goal should be clear to achieve.
- A demonstration is important in practical subjects.
- Motivation is necessary to enhance the learning process.
- Content should be simple to complex and concrete to abstract.
- The curriculum must be integrated.
Thus, it is concluded the exponent of insight theory is Kohler.
Additional Information
| Thorndike |
|
| Skinner |
|
| Pavlov |
|
Top Theories of Learning MCQ Objective Questions
Albert Bandura is associated with which of the following?
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 1 : Social Learning Theory
'Albert Bandura', an American psychologist has propounded "Social Learning Theory".This theory is also called 'learning through imitation' as his theory emphasizes that:
- learning takes place through indirect sources, like watching or hearing others.
- cognitive and problem-solving skills can be learned by imitating and watching others.
- new behaviors and experiences are acquired by observing others in the immediate environment.
Important Points
The social learning theory of'Albert Bandura' emphasizes that theprinciples of social learning consist of four steps (respectively) including:
| Attention | It refers to the process of paying attention to the model to observe in order to learn. |
| Retention | It refers to the process of recalling the learned activity for later use. |
| Reproduction | It refers to the process of performing or reproducing the learned action. |
| Motivation | It refers to the process of motivating learners to repeat observational learning. |
Hence, it could be concluded thatAlbert Bandura is associated with'Social Learning Theory.
Additional Information
| Theory | Propounder | Main Idea |
| Behavioural theory | J.B. Watson |
|
| Cognitive development theory | Jean Piaget |
|
| Theory of Psychosocial Development | Erik Erikson |
|
According to Piaget, which one of the following factors plays an important role in influencing development?
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 3 : Experience with the physical world
Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget was the most well-known and influential theorist for cognitive development. Piaget was interested in how children reacted to their environments.
Key Points
The factors which Piaget considered essential for cognitive development are:-
- Assimilation-It refers to the process by which new objects and events are grasped or incorporated within the scope of existing schemes or structures.
- Accommodation- It is the process through which the existing schemes or structure is modified to meet the resistance to straightforward grasping or assimilation of a new object or event.
- Biological maturity:-The basis of Piaget's classification of cognitive development is maturation. This acts as a biological base for cognitive development. Jackson says that some degree of maturation interacting with experience is necessary for movement into the next stage of cognitive development.
- Physical experience:-It is accepted that there can be no knowledge development without relating objects. within the environment. An individual acquires knowledge not by passively copying objects in the environment but by acting upon them. For example, when the child learns from the perceptual properties of objects, by noting their weight, color of the harness, it is physical experience or first-hand information.
Thus from the above-mentioned points, it is clear that according to Piaget, experience with the physical world plays an important role in influencing development.
Whom of the following has not propounded the learning theory ?
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 4 : B.S. Bloom
There are many learning theories in psychology that are related to different schools of psychology such ascognitive,humanistic,behavioristic, etc. These theories are propounded by eminent psychologists toprovide a framework to understand different aspects of human behavior.
Key Points
Some of the famous learning theories include:
| Theory | Propounder | Main Idea |
| Trial and Error Theory | Thorndike | The theory emphasizes that learning is the result of associations forming between stimulus and responses. |
| Instrumental Learning Theory/ Theory of Operant Conditioning | B. F. Skinner | Theory implies the idea that learning takes place through rewarding a certain behavior or withholding reward for undesirable behavior. |
| Insight Theory of Learning | Kohler | The theory emphasizes that a sudden solution to the problem as insight doesn't rely on behavior or observation. |
| Socio-cultural Theory | Lev Vygotsky | Theory implies the idea that interaction with society and environment plays a vital role in shaping the behaviour, action, and abilities of a child. |
| Classical Conditioning Theory | Ivan Pavlov | The theory emphasizes that behaviour is learnt by a repetitive association between the response and the stimulus. |
Hint
B.S. Bloom has not propounded any learning theory rather he has proposed a taxonomy which is aset of three hierarchical models that refers to the classification of educational learning objectives.
- Cognitive Domain:It involves knowledge and the development of intellectual skills. The six major categories of objectives which come under the cognitive domain are Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation
- Affective Domain:It includes how we deal with things emotionally, such as feelings, values, appreciation, enthusiasms, motivations, and attitudes.
- Psychomotor Domain:It includes physical movement, coordination, and use of the motor-skill areas.
Hence, it could be concluded thatB.S. Bloom has not propounded any learning theory.
Which of the following statement is correct about Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 4 : The stages are invariant which means no stage can be skipped.
"Jean Piaget", a Swiss psychologist, belongs to the cognitive school of psychology, is famous for his work on child development.
Key Points
According to the Theory of Cognitive Development given by Jean Piaget:
- Cognitive development is a discontinuous process, it occurs in 4 stages
- which include:
- Sensorimotor stage (Birth to 2 years)
- Preoperational stage (2 to 7 years)
- Concrete operational stage (7 to 11 years)
- Formal operational stage (11 to 15 years)
- The sequence of the stages doesn't vary according to the cultural context of children. In fact, the stages are invariant which means that no stage can be skipped.
- Although every normal child passes through the stages in exactly the
same order, there is some variability in the ages at which children attain each stage.
Hence, it could be concluded that the statement the stages are invariant which means no stage can be skipped is correct about Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
Additional Information
Refer to the image for conceptual understanding of the characteristics of other stages of Piaget's theory:
Which of the following stages is not the part of Bruner's Cognitive Development Theory ?
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 3 : Intuitive stage
Jerome Bruner, an American psychologist has made crucial contributions in the field of human cognitive psychology.
He has identified three stages of cognitive representation which includes:
Enactive stage:
- It refers to the representation of knowledge through actions.
- Learning by doing is the main principle
- They learn by physical actions and storing things in memory
Iconic stage:
- It refers to the visual summarization of images.
- The learner stores sensory images which are visual ones
Symbolic stage:
- It refers to the use of words and other symbols to describe experiences.
- The experience stored in memory in the form of symbols i.e. language
Let's Have a Look:
Hence, it could be concluded that the intuitive stage is not part of Bruner's Cognitive Development Theory.
According to Piaget, the second stage of cognitive development is
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 3 : pre-operational stage
"Jean Piaget", a Swiss psychologist, is famous for his work on child development. He made asystematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized in four stages.
- According to Piaget, the second stage of cognitive development is the 'pre-operations stage' which lasts around 2 to 6 or 7 years of age.
- In this stage, the childfaces problems with the concept of conservation andstruggles with the idea of centration and irreversibility.
Characteristics of the Preoperational Period:
- Egocentrism takes place.
- Begin to think symbolically.
- Develops the skills of language acquisition.
- Begin to use words and pictures to represent objects.
- Learns to compare objects through external characteristics.
Hence, it could be concluded that according to Piaget, the second stage of cognitive development is the pre-operational stage.
Important Points
Refer to the image for conceptual understanding of the characteristics of other stages of Piaget's theory:
Which of the following theory is also known as Theory of Reinforcement ?
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 1 : Operant Conditioning Theory
B. F. Skinner, an American psychologist, propounded the"Theory of Operant Conditioning "which is also known as "Theory of Reinforcement" and"Instrumenta l Conditioning Theory ".
- This theory refers to the learning process where learning takes place through rewarding a certain behaviour or withholding reward for undesirable behaviour.
- Skinner emphasizes that a person or animal tends to 'repeat' behaviour which has been 'rewarded' (positively reinforced), or tends to 'stop' which has been 'punished' (negatively reinforced).
SKINNER'S EXPERIMENT WITH RAT:
- Skinner developed a special apparatus known as skinner's box.
- This box has a grid floor, a system of light or sound produced at the time of delivery of a pellet of food, in the food cup, on the pressing of the lever.
- Skinner placed a hungry rat in the box.
- In this experiment, pressure on the bar in a certain way, by the rat could result in the production of a click and emergence of a food pellet.
- The rat was rewarded for each proper pressing of the lever.
- The rat repeated this process and ultimately learned to press the lever a desired by the experimenter.
Hence, it could be concluded that ' Operant Conditioning Theory' is also known as ' Theory of Reinforcement'.
Additional Information
| Theory | Propounder | Main Idea |
| Theory of Insight | Wolfgang Kohler | The theory emphasizes that a sudden solution to the problem as insight doesn't rely on behaviour or observation. |
| Stimulus-Response Theory | E. L. Thorndike | The theory implies the idea that learning is the result of association forming between stimulus and response. |
| Classical Conditioning Theory | Ivan Pavlov | The theory emphasizes that behaviour is learnt by a repetitive association between the response and the stimulus. |
Pre-operational stage in Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development characterizes _______.
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 1 : Centration in thought
"Jean Piaget ", a Swiss psychologist, is famous for his work on child development. He made asystematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized in four stages.
Key Points
- 'Preoperational period' lasts around 2 to 6 or 7 years of age.
- In this stage, the child assumes that other people feel, see, and hear exactly the same as the child does.
- It refers to the child's inability to infer theperspective of other peopleor to see a situation from other's points of view.
- In this stage, the child faces problems with the irreversibility of thought, concept of conservation, and struggles with the idea of centration.
- Due to the Centration in thought, the child can focus his attention only on one aspect of the situation at a time andcannot reverse the direction of his thought.
Hence, it could be concluded that Pre-operational stage in Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development characterizes Centration in thought.
Important Points
The Four Stages of Cognitive Development:
| Stage | Development |
| Sensorimotor (0 to 2 years) |
|
| Pre-operational (2 to 7 years) |
|
| Concrete Operational (7 to 12 years) |
|
| Formal Operational (12 years to older) |
|
In his theory of cognitive development, Jean Piaget explains cognitive structures in terms of ____
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 3 : Schemas
Piaget was the first psychologist to make a systematic study of cognitive development. His contributions include a theory of cognitive child development, detailed observational studies of cognition in children, and a series of simple but ingenious tests to reveal different cognitive abilities.
Piaget's theory is based on the idea that the developingchild builds cognitive structures, schemes are used to understand and respond to the world around them.
Important Points
The mental networks that children form in their mind are known as' Schemas' as:
- Schemas areorganized bodies of information stored in memory.These are specific psychological structures, constructed in organized ways to make sense of experience.
- The information in a schema providesa representation of how the social world operates as well as allows us to categorize and interpret new information related to the schema.
- We all hold schemasrelating to everyday objects in our environment. We might, for instance, hold a schema for automobiles –we have an idea of what they look like, how they are used, what they can do for us, and how to differentiate them from other vehicles such as buses and horse, and buggy.
- More importantly, from asocial psychological point of view, we hold aschema for particular people (one's mother, brother, or sister) and of classes of people playing a given role (mail carriers, teachers, or librarians). Each of theseschemas provides a way of organizing behavior into meaningful wholes.
Key Points
Basic Components To Piaget's Cognitive Theory: Piaget introduced some basic components which lead the cognitive development in the child.
- Schemas (building blocks of knowledge)
- Processes that enable thetransition from one stage to another:
- Equilibrium
- Adaptation
- Assimilation
- Accommodation
- Schemas: Piaget called the schema thebasic building block of intelligent behavior – a way of organizing knowledge. A schema can be defined as a set oflinked mental representations of the world, which we use both to understand and to respond to situations. These are the mental structures.
- Adaptationrefers to adjustments to the changes in the environment, or the ability to understand and fit in with the physical world.
- Assimilation is a process in which a child using an existing schema to deal with a new object or situation. Assimilation refers to the act of captivating information and observations in a way that is well-matched with the person's current schema of the world.
- Accommodation happens when theexisting schema (knowledge) does not work and needs to bechanged to deal with a new object or situation.
- Equilibration and disequilibration:If the "new situation" is adjusted with the existing schema then that stage is referred to by Piaget as the "stage of equilibration" in that the existing knowledge base is working.
Hence, we conclude thatIn his theory of cognitive development, Jean Piaget explains cognitive structures in terms ofSchemas.
Insightful theory of learning is given by-
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 3 : Kohler
Wolfgang Kohler, a German psychologist, proposedthe 'Insightful Theory of learning'.
Key Points
According to Kohler, insight doesn't take place with trial & error,rather than it is a sudden reorganization of experience.
'Insightful Theory of learning' implies that :
- The solution to a problem arrives 'all of a sudden' flash of insight when a person is struggling.
- Insight enhances an individual's ability to perceive and understand something or someone instinctively.
- Insight doesn't rely on behavior or observation, it is the sudden realization of a problem's solution using intuition.
For this, Kohler demonstrated the following experiment:
- He kept chimpanzees in a closed room where food was kept out of their reach, and items like boxes, stick was there.
- The chimpanzee would roam inside the room to reach the food.
- They would 'suddenly' stand on a box and use the stick to bring food close to them.
- It should be noted that it was not the result of trial and error instead, the chimpanzee suddenly came up with the idea to use boxes and stick.
Hence, we conclude that the Insightful Theory of Learning was given by Kohler.
'Operant conditioning' theory was advocated by
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 2 : Skinner
Learning takes place in many ways. The simplest kind of learning is called conditioning. Two types of conditioning have been identified. The first one is calledclassical conditioning,and the second instrumental/operant conditioning.
Key Points
Instrumental/operant conditioning:
- This type of conditioning was first investigated byB.F. Skinner.
- Skinner studied the occurrence of voluntary responses when an organism operates in the environment. He called them operants.
- Operants are those behaviors or responses, which are emitted by animals and human beings voluntarily and are under their control.
- The term operant is used because the organism operates on the environment.
- Conditioning of operant behavior is called operant conditioning.
Important Points
SKINNER'S EXPERIMENT WITH RAT
- Skinner developed a special apparatus known as a skinner's box.
- This box has a grid floor, a system of light, or sound produced at the time of delivery of a pellet of food, in the food cup, on the pressing of the lever.
- Skinner placed a hungry rat in the box.
- In this experiment, pressure on the bar in a certain way, by the rat could result in the production of a click and emergence of a food pellet.
- The rat was rewarded for each proper pressing of the lever.
- The rat repeated this process and ultimately learned to press the lever desired by the experimenter.
Hence, it could be concluded that 'Operant conditioning' theory was advocated by Skinner.
Additional Information
- Ivan Pavlov, a Russian psychologist has propounded the'Theory o f Classical Conditioning 'which emphasizes that learning as a habit formation is based on the principle of association and substitution.
- E. L . Thorndike, an American psychologist has propounded theStimulus-Response Theory ( S-R Theory ). In his theory, he emphasizes that learning is the result of associations forming between stimulus and responses.
During a task, Saina is talking to hereself about ways she can proceed on the task. According to Lev Vygotsky's ideas on language and thought; this kind of 'private speech' is a sign of
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 1 : Self-regulation
LevVygotskywas a Russian psychologist and a social constructivist. He has propounded 'Socio-cultural Theory'which emphasizes the role of social interaction in cognitive development.
Key Points
- Lev Vygotsky emphasized that theacquisition of speech is themajor activity in cognitive development.
- Vygotsky embedded in this theory, the concept of 'private speech'which is akind of speech directed to self with no communicative function.
- Childrenuse private speech to guide their actions by speaking to themselves.
Important Points
Private Speech:
- It refers to thespeech produced aloud by young children which seems to be addressed either to the self or to others, which sometimes cannot be easily conceived by a listener.
- It has amajor role in the augmentation of the self and self-consciousness. It is the main aspect in the development ofself and subjectivity.
- This phenomenon starts in the early years of life and proceeds to the end of adolescence and even later.
Hence, from the above-mentioned points, it becomes clear that the above-mentioned kind of 'private speech' is a sign of Self-regulation.
Confusion Points
- Jean Piaget would explain this as 'Ego-centricism' or 'Egocentric speech'.According to Piaget, theegocentricchild (age 3 to 5) assumes that other people see, hear, and feel exactly the same as the child does.
Ruhi is shown three pencils and she observes that pencil A is longer than pencil B and pencil B is longer than pencil C. When Ruhi infers that A is a longer pencil than C, which characteristic of Jean Piaget's cognitive development is she demonstrating?
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 3 : Transitive thought
According toPiaget, cognitive development takes place at different rates at different stages of development. When Piaget talks about cognition, he means the mental process which can systematize, organize and utilize knowledge.
- This capacity develops in the learners through the interaction of innate power (heredity), environment, and maturation. Piaget has classified the whole continuum into four stages to elaborate the process of cognitive development:
- Sensory Motor Period (0-2 years) & Pre-operational period (2-7 years)
- Concrete operation period (7-11 years) & Formal operational period (11-15 years)
Key Points
Transitive thought:
- In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the third stage is called the Concrete Operational Stage. During this stage, the child shows increased use of logic or reasoning.
- One of the important processes that develop is that of transitivity, which refers to the ability to recognize relationships among various things in a serial order.
- For example, when a child is told to put away his books according to height, the child recognizes that he starts with placing the tallest one on one end of the bookshelf and the shortest one ends up at the other end.
- Example: Ruhi is shown three pencils and she observes that pencil A is longer than pencil B and pencil B is longer than pencil C. Hence, she is showing the ability of transitive thought.
Additional Information
- Seriation: It refers to the ability to sort objects or situations according to any characteristic, such as size, color, shape, or type. For example, the child would be able to look at his plate of mixed vegetables and eat everything except the brussels sprouts.
- Conservation:Conservation is one of Piaget's developmental accomplishments, in which the child understands that changing the form of a substance or object does not change its amount, overall volume, or mass.
- Hypothetical – deductive reasoning: At this point, teens become capable of thinking about abstract and hypothetical ideas. They often ponder "what-if" type situations and questions and can think about multiple solutions or possible outcomes.
Hence, we can conclude that Ruhi is demonstrating the Transitive thought characteristic of Jean Piaget's cognitive development.
Who is the father of Modern Learning Theory?
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 4 : Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
Ivan Pavlov, a Russian psychologist has propounded the'Theory o f Classical Conditioning 'which emphasizes thatlearning as a habit formation is based on theprinciple of association and substitution. He is known as the father of modern learning theory. Modern learning theory continues to build on Pavlovian conditioning.
Classical Conditioning Theory explains that the process of learning takes place when aresponse becomes associated with a new stimulusand this process of a response to a new stimulus is known as conditioning.
Important Points
Ivan Pavlov given the following terms discovered duringTheory o f Classical Conditioning:
The neutral stimulus is the term given to describe the conditioned stimulus before classical conditioning occurs. Let's understand further:
- Neutral Stimulus:Under its occurrence in close time and space with a natural stimulus that gives rise to a natural response, becomes capable of eliciting that natural response, even in absence of the natural stimulus.
- Unconditioned stimulus (UCS): The natural stimulus that elicits a natural response. In Pavlov's experiment, themeat powder was the UCS.
- Unconditioned response (UCR): The natural response elicited to the natural stimulus. In Pavlov's experiment, thesalivation was the UCR.
- Conditioned stimulus (CS):Theneutral stimulus that does not naturally elicit the target response, butmay do so after being associated with the UCS several times. In Pavlov's experiment, thesound of the bell was the CS.
- Conditioned response (CR): The target response similar to the UCR that originally occurred to the UCS only, but after conditioning occurred to CS, even in the absence of the UCS. In Pavlov's experiment, thesalivation that occurred in response to the bell was the CR.
Hence, we can conclude thatIvan Petrovich Pavlov was the father of Modern Learning Theory.
Additional Information
| J.B. Watson | Father of behaviourism |
| Jean Piaget | Popunder of Theory of cognitive development. |
| Lev Vygotsky | Popunder of Theory of social development. |
Who was propounder of Multiple intelligence (Frames of Mind) theory?
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 1 : Howard Gardner
Key Points
'The Theory of Multiple Intelligence' was propounded by an American psychologist 'Howard Gardner' in his book 'Frames of Mind'.
This theory describes eight different kinds of intelligence and emphasizes that:
- Intelligence is of several kinds.
- intelligence can't be tied to a single domain.
- each individual has his/her own unique abilities.
- intelligence is not dominated by a general factor.
Hence, it could be concluded that Howard Gardnerwas the propounder of the Multiple Intelligence (Frames of Mind) theory.
Important Points
Refer to the image to know the types of intelligence suggested by Howard Gardner in his multiple intelligence theory.
Additional Information
| Psychologist | Theory | Main Idea |
| Alfred Binet | Mono/Uni Factor Theory | We all have a general factor (G factor) of intelligence to apply in all tasks. |
| E. L. Thorndike | Trial and Error Theory | Learning is the result of associations forming between stimulus and responses. |
| J. P. Guilford | 3D Model of Intelligence | An individual's performance on an intelligence test can be traced back to the underlying mental abilities. |
A child has developed the ability to sorted the things on the basis of their physical properties. The child can perform rather complex operations also on problems as long as the problems are not abstract. The child is at which one of the following stage of Piaget's theory of Cognitive Development?
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 1 : Concrete operational stage
Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that children move through four different stages of intellectual development -
| Stage | Age | Goal |
| Sensorimotor | Birth to 18–24 months old | Object permanence |
| Preoperational | 2 to 7 years old | Symbolic thought |
| Concrete operational | 7 to 11 years old | Operational thought |
| Formal operational | Adolescence to adulthood | Abstract concepts |
Sensorimotor Stage (birth - 2 years) -
- The infants learn about the world through their senses and actions (walking and exploring the environment).
- During the sensorimotor phase, the range of cognitive skills grows.These include permanence of the object; self-identification; and representational play.
Pre-operational Stage (2 years - 7 years) -
- Toddlers and young children gain the ability to represent the world internally through language and mental images.
- At this stage, young children can think of things figuratively. This is the ability to make one thing, such as a word or an object, represent something that is not.
Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 years) -
- At this stage, children begin to think positively about concrete events.
- Children are beginning to understand the concept of conservation; understanding that, although things may change in appearance, certain structures remain the same.
- At this stage, children also think less and begin to think about how other people can think and feel.
Formal Operational Stage (11 -15 years)-
- Practical activities are performed on objects and formal activities are performed on ideas.
- The official idea of working is completely free from physical and mental problems.
- At this stage, teens may be confronted with confusing ideas (e.g. they no longer have to think about cutting cakes or sharing sweets to understand fragmentation).
Hence we can conclude that this is the concrete operational stage where a child has developed the ability to sorted the things on the basis of their physical properties. The child can perform rather complex operations on problems as long as the problems are not abstract.
A stage theory of development explicitly emphasizes which of the following principles?
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 2 : Discontinuity of development
Stage theories of development divide the development process of a child into various stages according to the age of the child from newborn to becoming a grown-up.
- The development process occurs multi-dimensionally in various stages and different proportions like for a newborn child the physical growth is more significant than the mental growth and as we grow older mental growth rate increases.
- The development of the child occurs in different stages. Each stage has certain unique characteristics. There are individual differences in the rate of growth and development.
- Therefore, the age limit for different stages should be regarded as just approximate. All children pass through these stages of development at or around the age levels suggested for them
Key Points
- The continuous-discontinuous issue addresses how developmental events manifest a smooth progression across the life stages (continuity) or a series of distinct stages (discontinuity).
- Discontinuity approach considers development as occurring in distinct and abrupt changes, with an emphasis on qualitative experiences that are different at each stage.
- The discontinuity approach gives rise to "stage theories", where development is illustrated with a metaphor of "climbing the stairs" where each step signifies an advanced way of functioning than the previous step.
- This suggests that the individual undergoes rapid changes as they step up to a different developmental stage, where change is considered to be sudden rather than gradual.
Thus, it is concluded that a stage theory of development explicitly emphasizes the principle of discontinuity of development.
Hint
- Proponents of continuous development claim that development is gradual and cumulative; that each development event builds upon later development, such that later development can be predicted from the 'happenings' in earlier life stages. These changes are considered to be quantitative in nature, with a focus on the 'amount' of a trait that an individual has.
- An example of continuous development includes the instances of physical growth, such as height. Also, healthy peer relationships in adolescence can be traced back to healthy parent-child relationships.
Which of the following statement is not true about the theory of cognitive development given by Jean Piaget?
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 3 : It believes that development is a continuous process
"Jean Piaget", a Swiss psychologist, belongs to the cognitive school of psychology, is famous for hiswork on child development.
According to the Theory of Cognitive Development given by Jean Piaget:
- Cognitive development is a discontinuous process, it occurs in 4 stages.
- The stages are invariant which means that no stage can be skipped.
According to Piaget, children learn through assimilation and accommodation as:
- Assimilation refers to theprocess of taking in information into our previously existing schemas.
-
Accommodation refers to the process ofaltering existing ideas or schemas as a result of new experiences.
Piaget has made asystematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized into four stages which include:
- Sensorimotor stage (Birth to 2 years)
- Preoperational stage (2 to 7 years)
- Concrete operational stage (7 to 11 years)
- Formal operational stage (11 to 15 years)
Hence, it could be concluded that the statement 'It believes that development is a continuous process'is not true about the theory of cognitive development given by Jean Piaget.
Additional Information
Refer to the image for conceptual understanding of the characteristics of other stages of Piaget's theory:
The psychologist who defined moral development
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 3 : Piaget
Piaget's Ideas about Moral Development: In Piaget's (1935/1965) views, the child enters a new stage of moral development when he enters the stage of concrete operations at age 6 or 7.
Key Points
According to Piaget,
- Heteronomous Morality or Moral Realism (heteronomous means under an outside authority): In this stage, rules are regarded as unchangeable, absolute, and imposed by an external authority. The egocentrism of young children encourages them to adhere to three beliefs:
- Imminent justice: Wrongdoing invariably leads to punishment.
- Objective Consequences: The morality of an act is judged by its objective consequences, not the objective intentions of the person.
- Absolutism: Young school children believe in the absolutism of a moral perspective. They believe that there is only one correct moral conclusion per circumstance.
- Stage of Autonomous Morality or Morality of Cooperation: A new stage is achieved around the age of 10. As children become less egocentric by age 9 or 10, they are also able to realize that rules are not fixed but arbitrary. They come to know that rules can change and it is possible to make personal decisions about obeying rules.
- The moral authority of adults is replaced in part by a morality based on cooperation and mutual understanding. At this stage, it is not wrong to break the rules; rather, the motives, the rules, the specific situations are all considered in making a judgment. They feel praise and punishment should be distributed in a non-arbitrary, evenhanded way. It is hard for children at this stage to understand that the same behavior might evoke different responses from different people.
Hence, we conclude that t he psychologist who defined moral development as per the given options was Piaget.
Additional Information
- Classical Conditioning: This is the simplest form of conditioning, describedPavlov, a Russian Psychologist. Conditioning is a term used to describe the process by which a neutral stimulus gains the power to elicit a specific conditioned response. This is explained through the experiments done byPavlov.
- William McDougall: William McDougall(2003) analyses an instinctive behavior, in three aspects:
- Cognitive or (knowing or perceptive) aspect.
- Affective or (feeling or emotional) aspect.
- Conative or (doing or behavior) aspect.
Which one of the following can be considered as a contribution to Kohlberg's theory?
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Option 1 : His theory has supported an association between cognitive maturity and moral maturity.
In laymen's language, cognition refers to your knowledge about the world. Whereas, cognitive processes are those mental processes through which we acquire information about the world around us. Thus, cognitive development refers to a child's development in terms of information processing, conceptual resources, perceptual skill, language learning, etc. Important Points
- Piaget's stage theory describes the cognitive development in children. Cognitive development involves changes in cognitive processes and abilities. In Piaget's view, early cognitive development involves processes based upon actions and later progresses into changes in mental operations.
- Extending the idea of moral development proposed by Jean Piaget, Lawrence Kohlberg worked throughout his life to develop a complete theory of moral development.
- Using the storytelling technique, he conducted many studies on children. The stories of his studies usually revolve around some kind of moral dilemmas. At the end of every story, he used to ask some questions from his participants (children) and analyzed their answers for underlining reasoning.
Based on his studies, he proposed that moral development consists of six stages and these six stages can be further grouped into three levels.
- Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality - It consists of the first two levels of moral development. Here morality is judged based on the standards of adults and the consequences of an action.
- Level 2: Conventional Morality - This level consists of stages three and four. During this level, children start internalizing the value of society to judge morality.
- Level 3: Post Conventional Morality - The last level consist of stage five and six of moral development. According to Kohlberg, very few people are able to reach at this level. Here, individual perspective is given more importance over social rule and order. Individuals judge morality based on basic human rights and justice.
Key Points
- It is evident from the two theories that Kohlberg's theory of moral development is directly linked with Piaget's cognitive development as the children grow older, their level of understanding of morality develops from obeying the rules set by the adults to creating individual perspective to decide what is right and what is wrong.
- It links the maturity level of an individual through cognitive as well as moral parameters. As a person becomes more mature, he develops his own thought process and has the ability to comprehend and differentiate right and wrong.
Hence, it can be concluded that Kohlberg's theory has supported an association between cognitive maturity and moral maturity.
berrickbressibity.blogspot.com
Source: https://testbook.com/objective-questions/mcq-on-theories-of-learning--5eea6a1539140f30f369f4ec